Drawing on case studies in Ethiopia, Sudan, Chad, Mali and northern Kenya during the drought years of 1990-91, this study investigates why early warning signals were not translated into timely intervention. It identifies two major constraints: the inability of the international relief system to respond before potential problems become emergencies; and the red tape and political manoeuvring between national governments and aid agencies which delay and block relief efforts. Practical suggestions are offered on how these problems can be reduced.