Tracing policy connections : the politics of knowledge in the Green Revolution and biotechnology eras in India

This paper explores the dynamic interaction of global and more local knowledge about agriculture, food
and rural development through a comparison of policy-making during two periods in India – the “Green
Revolution” and “biotechnology” eras. The paper highlights how the biotechnology era differs in a
number of key respects from the Green Revolution. These include: the nature and complexity of policy
narratives associated with agriculture, food security and poverty; the types, numbers and networks of
actors inside and outside the state involved in policy-making; the form and location of expertise and sites
of policy-making, from the local to the global; and the nature and extent of policy debate, controversy and
dissent. Between the two eras, the paper shows how policy emphases have shifted from a focus on
national food self-sufficiency and nation-building in a planned economy to engaging with a liberalised,
highly unequal and uncertain global market economy and, with this, from Cold War security concerns to
liberalisation and trade issues. Agricultural policy debates have thus shifted from small-scale farming for
food production to agriculture as a globally competitive industry. The result has been a move from the
involvement of relatively few players in the policy process to multiple players, including many non-state
actors (such as NGOs, private sector corporations, the media), each with global connections. Funding
flows too have changed from international philanthropy with state support to an increasing reliance on the
private sector. This is associated with different practices of science – from field based to lab based – and
from research premised on the free exchange of knowledge to research governed by intellectual property
concerns and commercial confidentiality. Despite the easy similarities and apparent continuities between
the two eras – used prolifically in popular and policy discourse – the paper argues that the biotechnology
era is unquestionably different. There is not going to be a simple replication of the great Green Revolution
story in India, and, the paper argues, more attention needs to be paid to the important differences in
policy context and process if some of the challenges of the biotechnology era are to be met.