Improving basic education outcomes is a very broad research area. The time constraints of the helpdesk review directed focus on large-scale reviews of learning strategies in low- and middle-income countries. This was supplemented by rapid searching to see what research could be identified within the limitations of this report that focussed on outcomes on highly marginalised, conflict affected children, or those from federal states. Broader scope strategies to improve learning for other important marginalised groups for example, girls and indigenous populations, are also included.Different systematic reviews emphasise different conclusions. Bashir et al. (2018) highlight a focus on teaching to improve learning. They recommend focus on teacher knowledge, teaching practice, and instructional time.
